Evaluation of the biological activities of Chamaeleo chamaeleon: A reptile used in altenative medicine in El-Oued region

Abstract

Chamaeleo chamaeleon has been traditionally used in folk medicine in the El Oued region of the Algerian Sahara for the treatment of various ailments, including tonsillitis, thyroid disorders, and persistent coughs. In light of its ethnomedicinal significance, This study aims to evaluate the immunological and biochemical effects of dried veiled chameleon (Chamaeleo chamaeleon) extracts, using two different types: a methanolic-aqueous extract and another enriched with multiple B-group vitamins (Multi B). The evaluation was carried out through both in vitro and in vivo tests using Wistar rats as the experimental model. Chemical analyses revealed that the methanolic￾aqueous extract was particularly rich in vitamins B1, B3, and B9, while the Multi B extract contained significant levels of B2, B6, B7, and B12, indicating the potential nutritional and immunological value of these extracts. Regarding biological activity, the extracts showed strong antioxidant capacity in the DPPH assay, with inhibition exceeding 60% at the highest concentrations. They also demonstrated considerable anti-inflammatory activity via the BSA protein denaturation test, in addition to promoting phagocytic activity and inhibiting the complement system. Animal trials confirmed these findings, showing enhanced immune performance characterized by increased spleen and thymus indices, improved phagocytic activity, and balanced biochemical (AST, ALT, CRP, Glucose) and hematological parameters. These results suggest that chameleon extracts possess promising immunological and biochemical properties, supporting their potential use as dietary supplements or as supportive therapy in cases of immune deficiency or oxidative stress.