"المذيبات اليوتكتيكية العميقة: الخصائص والتطبيقات البيئية في إطار الكيمياء الخضراء (دراسات مرجعية) Deep eutectic solvents: properties and environmental applications within green chemistry framework (A Review)"

Abstract

This thesis presents a comprehensive theoretical and analytical study on Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs), aiming to deconstruct their thermodynamic foundations and evaluate their application efficiency in environmental sectors. The first chapter elucidates the microscopic mechanism behind the sharp depression in melting points, resulting from the decrease in the chemical potential of the mixture and the negative deviation from ideal behavior, in tandem with the formation of a hydrogen-bonded network between hydrogen bond acceptors (HBAs) and hydrogen bond donors (HBDs) that disrupts the crystal lattice energy of the pure substances and stabilizes the liquid phase, additionally reviewing their five modern classifications alongside their physicochemical properties. Meanwhile, the second chapter focuses on a comparative analysis of the outcomes of employing these solvents particularly Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES) and Hydrophobic DESs in wastewater purification, industrial gas capture, and organic waste valorization, based on research published between 2024 and 2026. Ultimately, the thesis concludes by identifying structural limitations, such as high viscosity and self-hygroscopicity, while offering recommendations that support computer-aided simulations and the development of closed-loop strategies for solvent recycling and recovery