Comprehensive In Vitro Bioactivity Evaluation and Pharmacotoxicological Modeling of Plantago psyllium

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Plantago psyllium seed ethanolic extract, which is rich in bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, polyphenols, and mucilage, in exhibiting multiple pharmacological activities including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiglycation, gastroprotective, and antibacterial effects. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH assay, while anti-inflammatory potential was evaluated through inhibition of bovine serum albumin (BSA) denaturation using UV–Vis spectrophotometry, complemented by molecular docking simulations with COX‑2. The study also investigated antidiabetic activity via α‑amylase inhibition, antiglycation effects, and antibacterial activity against strains such as Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Furthermore, mucin protection assays were conducted to assess gastroprotective properties. The results demonstrated significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antiglycation, and antibacterial activities, with IC₅₀ and negative ΔG values indicating spontaneous and stable interactions with biological targets. Molecular docking confirmed the experimental findings, showing that ferulic acid—a major component—forms hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions with enzymes and proteins. Antibacterial assays revealed stronger inhibition against Gram-positive bacteria compared to Gram-negative strains. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of psyllium as a natural source of bioactive compounds and open perspectives for its development into pharmaceutical or nutraceutical products, reinforcing its role as a safe and sustainable option in modern natural medicine.