Artificial Intelligence As Intangible Capital

Abstract

This paper explores artificial intelligence as an emerging component of intangible capital in knowledge-based economies. Modern economic growth increasingly relies on nonphysical assets, including human, structural, and relational capital, with AI playing a transformative role. Focusing on the United States, China, and Qatar, the study analyzes national strategies for AI adoption, investment, and innovation. Findings reveal that AI enhances labor productivity and contributes to GDP growth, although precise measurement remains challenging due to implementation lags and indicator limitations. The United States leads globally in AI, driven by extensive investments and model development. China rapidly closes the technological gap through large-scale adoption and innovation. Qatar demonstrates regional leadership by aligning policy, education, and digital infrastructure, achieving significant productivity gains and positioning itself as a model for Arab knowledge-based economies. The study emphasizes AI’s crucial role in shaping the future trajectory of both developed and emerging economies.